300 Birthdates of Contemporary and Historical Celebrities

April 5, 1937 Colin POWELL
November 30, 1930 George Gordon Battle Liddy born variously in Brooklyn NY or Hoboken, NJ.
December 20, 1946 Dick Wolf
June 13, 1926 Paul Edward Lynde born, Mount Vernon OH.
February 26, 1931 Robert Novak born, Joliet IL.
January 12, 1951 Rush Limbaugh born, Cape Girardeau. Weight: MO, 7 pounds 6 ounces.
May 15, 1905 Abraham Zapruder born. 8/30/1970
December 9, 1924 Frank Angelo Fiorini born, Norfolk VA.
February 20, 1927 Roy Marcus Cohn born, New York City.
December 11, 1943 John Forbes Kerry born at the Fitzsimmons Military Hospital in Denver, Colorado.
June 17, 1943 Newton McPherson born in Pennsylvania.
January 5, 1953 George John Tenet born, Flushing NY, to Greek Orthodox parents.
March 30, 1913 Richard McGarrah Helms born, St. Davids, PA.
June 9, 1916 Robert McNamara born, San Francisco CA.
17 Jan 1706 Benjamin Franklin born, Boston MA. 17 Apr 1790
December 26, 1907 Al Gore Sr. born, Washington, DC.
March 31, 1948 Al Gore Jr. born, Washington, DC.
January 15, 1945 Vince Foster born, Hope, AR.
January 4, 1920 William Egan Colby born, St. Paul MN.
November 14, 1908 Joseph McCarthy born, Appleton WI.
July 31, 1943 William J. Bennett born, Brooklyn NY.
September 16, 1941 Richard Norman Perle born, New York City.
December 25, 1950 Karl Rove born, Denver CO.
December 2, 1924 Alexander Haig born.
December 5, 1902 James Strom Thurmond born, Edgefield SC.
November 14, 1954 Condoleezza Rice born, Titusville (in Birmingham), AL.
July 9, 1932 Donald Rumsfeld born in Chicago, IL.
May 8, 1941 James Traficant born to James and Agnes Traficant, Youngstown OH.
October 18, 1921 Jesse Helms born, Monroe NC.
January 30, 1941 Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney born, Lincoln NE.
August 14, 1941 Lynne Ann Vincent born, Casper, WY.
October 9, 1918 Edward Howard Hunt born, East Hamburg NY.
February 22, 1952 William H. Frist born, Nashville, TN.
January 1, 1909 Barry Goldwater born, Phoenix AZ.
November 9, 1918 Spiro T. Agnew born, Baltimore MD.
July 13, 1950 David Duke born, Tulsa OK.
May 9, 1942 John Ashcroft born, Chicago IL.
October 26, 1947 Hillary Rodham born, Chicago IL.
February 27, 1980 Daughter Chelsea Victoria Clinton born
May 27, 1923 Heinz Alfred Kissinger born, Fuerth, Germany.
July 21, 1938 Janet Reno born, Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami FL.
1/1/1895 John Edgar Hoover born to Dickerson Naylor Hoover and Annie Marie Schleiten Hoover, Washington DC.
May 22, 1900 Longtime companion of JEHoover,Clyde Tolson born, Laredo MO.
August 19, 1946 William Jefferson Blythe III born, Hope AR.
July 14, 1913 Gerald Ford born, Omaha Nebraska.
30 Jan 1882 Franklin Delano Roosevelt born, Hyde Park NY.
July 6, 1946 George W Bush born, New Haven CT.
January 22, 1955 Neil Mallon Bush born in Midland, Texas.
25 Nov 1981 Twins, Barbara and Jenna, born.
July 26, 1977 Noelle Lucila Bush born, to Jeb and Columba Bush. She is the niece of George W Bush.
May 21, 1917 John Fitzgerald Kennedy born to Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Brookline MA.
July 28, 1929 Jacqueline Lee Bouvier born to Janet Lee and John Vernon Bouvier III, Long Island NY.
February 6, 1911 Ronald Reagan born, Tampico IL.
January 4, 1941 Daughter Maureen Reagan born.
March 18, 1945 Son Michael Reagan born.
May 20, 1958 Son Ronald Jr. (Ronald Prescott) born.
June 12, 1924 George Herbert Walker Bush born, Milton MA.
July 14, 1913 Gerald Ford born, Omaha NE.
August 27, 1908 Lyndon Baines Johnson born, Stonewall, TX.
October 1, 1924 Jimmy Carter born, Plains, GA.
March 29, 1937 William Alton (Billy) Carter born, Plains GA.
May 29, 1955 John Warnock Hinckley, Jr. born, .
May 10, 1955 Mark David Chapman born, near Fort Worth, TX.
December 8, 1980 At 10:50 PM, Mark David Chapman shoots John Lennon four times in the back outside The Dakota in New York. Lennon dies shortly thereafter at St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center. Earlier in the day, Lennon had autographed Chapman's newly-purchased copy of Double Fantasy.
September 4, 1960 William Kennedy Smith born, Boston MA.
July 25, 1956 Roger Cassidy Clinton Jr. born.
September 19, 1960 Michael Skakel born to Anne Skakel, Ethel Skakel's sister-in-law.
October 19, 1982 Albert A. Gore III born to Al Gore and Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Gore.
December 5, 1925 Anastasio Somoza Debayle born.
June 8, 1921 Suharto born.
February 16, 1941 Kim Jong Il is born in Khabarovsk, Siberia.
February 11, 1934 Manuel Noriega born.
August 13, 1926 Fidel Castro Ruz born, Mayari Cuba.
22 Apr 1870 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov born, Simbirsk Russia.
January 26, 1918 Born, Oltenia, Romania.
April 29, 1901 Hirohito born in Tokyo.
April 28, 1937 Saddam Hussein born, Tikrit, Iraq.
Bob Ross (October 29, 1942
15 Apr 1452 Leonardo born, illegitimate to Ser Piero da Vinci, in Vinci Italy.
May 11, 1904 Salvador Dali born, Figueras Spain.
January 23, 1989 Salvador Dali dies from heart failure and respiratory complications, Figueras Spain.
February 5, 1940 Hans Rudi Giger is born in Chur, Switzerland.
November 4, 1946 Robert Mapplethorpe born in Queens.
August 22, 1902 Helene (Leni) Bertha Amalie Riefenstahl born to Bertha Sherlach and Alfred Riefenstahl, Prinz-Eugen-Straße, Berlin.
15 Oct 1844 Friedrich Nietzsche born, Röcken, on the outskirts of Lützen, Province of Saxony.
May 10, 1952 Thomas Watt born, Glasgow Scotland. 13-Mar-96
July 21, 1944 Friedrich Leibacher born, Zug Canton, Switzerland. 28-Sep-01
October 26, 1964 Gamil Rodrigue Gharbi born to Algerian Liess Gharbi and former nun Monique Lepine. 6-Dec-89
April 9, 1981 Eric David Harris born to Wayne Nelson Harris and Katherine Ann Harris.
September 11, 1981 Dylan Bennett Klebold born to Thomas Klebold and Susan Klebold.
October 15, 1956 George Hennard born, Sayre PA. 16-Oct-91
October 11, 1942 James Oliver Huberty born, Canton OH. 18-Jul-84
May 7, 1967 Martin Bryant born. 28-Apr-96
January 14, 1958 Colin Ferguson born, Jamaica. 7-Dec-93
December 6, 1941 Richard Speck born, Kirkwood IL. 13-Jul-66
June 24, 1941 Charles Whitman born to Margaret and Charles Whitman, Lake Worth FL. 1-Aug-66
September 7, 1900 Giuseppe Zangara born, Ferruzzano (in the province of Calabria), Italy. 15-Feb-33
8 Sep 1841 Charles Julius Guiteau born to Luther Wilson Guiteau and Jane Howe, Freeport IL. 2 Jul 1881
February 7, 1914 Ramon Mercader born to Eustacia Maria Caridad del Rio Hernandez and Don Pablo Mercader Marina, Barcelona Spain. 20-Aug-40
9 Jan 1958 Mehmet Ali Agca born, Yesiltepe, Turkey (Kurdistan portion.) 13-May-81
October 22, 1948 Lynette Alice Fromme born to Helen Benzinger Fromme and William Millar Fromme (an aeronautical engineer), Santa Monica CA. 5-Sep-75
March 19, 1944 Sirhan Sirhan born, Jerusalem. 4 Jun 1968 Waits in the kitchen for RFK, then fires a gun repeatedly at the candidate. Among those that wrestle Sirhan to the ground are Rosy Grier, Rafer Johnson, and George Plimpton.
October 18, 1939 Lee Harvey Oswald born to Marguerite Claverie Oswald and the late Robert E. Lee Oswald, New Orleans LA.
January 10, 1968 Joseph Lyle Menendez born, New York City. 20-Aug-89
November 27, 1971 Erik Menendez born, New Jersey.
February 3, 1903 Charles Arthur "Pretty Boy" Floyd born, Bartow Co., GA.
13 Apr 1570 Guy Fawkes born in Stonegate, Yorkshire. 31 Jan 1606
January 18, 1952 Kuse Muniswamy Veerappan Gounder born, Gopinatham Village, Karnataka India.
September 19, 1966 Eric Robert Rudolph born. 29-Jan-98
April Fool's Day, 1955
July 30, 1957 Osama bin Laden born in Riyadh Saudi Arabia, 1377 A.H., the 17th of 24 sons. There is some dispute as to the actual day, the confusion resulting from Westerners not knowing what to do with an "A.H." date. So no, we don't really know his exact birth day.
April 5, 1954 David Edward Maust born.
26 May 1883 Peter Kurten born, Cologne-Mulheim.
January 9, 1929 Dorothea Puente born, San Bernardino County CA.
August 13, 1961 Cary Stayner born.
28 Jun 1891 Carl Panzram born, Minnesota.
May 18, 1927 Harvey Carignan born.
February 18, 1949 Gary Ridgway born to Tom and Mary Ridgway, Utah.
Birthday: May 9, 1956 Full Name: Elmer Wayne Henley Jr.
1 Jun 1953 David Falco born illegitimate to Betty Broder.
June 1, 1953 David Falco born illegitimate to Betty Broder.
13 Mar 1911 Lafayette Ronald Hubbard born to Harry Ross Hubbard and Ledora May Hubbard, Tilden NE.
16 Oct 1936 Andrei Romanovich Chikatilo born, Yablochnoye, Ukraine.
August 23, 1936 Henry Lee Lucas born to prostitute Viola, Blacksburg VA.
May 22, 1942 Ted Kaczynski born, Evergreen Park, near Chicago IL.
November 12, 1934 Charles Manson born as "no name Maddox", Cincinnati OH, bastard son of sixteen year old prostitute Kathleen Maddox.
May 21, 1960 Jeffrey Dahmer born, Milwaukee WI.
February 14, 1913 James Riddle Hoffa born, Brazil IN.
May 24, 1908 Gilorma Giancana born, Chicago IL.
October 10, 1963 Daniel Pearl born, Princeton NJ.
October 31, 1931 Dan Rather born, Wharton, TX.
July 18, 1937 Hunter S. Thompson born, Louisville KY.
March 4, 1962 Eve Valois born in Clermont-Ferrand, France. largest boobs in the world
17 Oct 1938 Robert Craig Knievel is born in the mining community of Butte, Montana.
June 13, 1939 Siegfried Fischbacher born, Rosenheim, Bavaria.
October 3, 1944 Roy Uwe Ludwig Horn, Nordenham, Germany.
August 10, 1963 Andrew Sullivan born, South Godstone, England.
April 3, 1961 Edward Regen Murphy born, Bushwick, Brooklyn, NY.
Paula Poundstone was born on December 29th, 1959, in Birmingham, Alabama...
March 16, 1926 Joseph Levitch born to Daniel Levitch and Rae Brodsky, Newark NJ.
December 1, 1940 Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor III born to a prostitute mother and pimp father, Peoria IL.
May 8, 1926 Don Rickles born, New York City.
Born on January 17, 1949, Andy Kaufman
April 12, 1947 David Letterman born, Broad Ripple, Indianapolis IN. "When David Letterman was born, there was a star in the East: Me." Milton Berle.
October 13, 1925 Leonard Alfred Schneider born, Mineola, NY.
19 Nov 1933 Lawrence Harvey Zieger born, Brooklyn NY. larry king
April 24, 1906 William Joyce born at 1377 Herkimer St., Brooklyn NY.
January 16, 1947 Laura Schlessinger born, Brooklyn NY.
January 12, 1954 Howard Stern born, Jackson Heights NY.
September 28, 1947 Jeffrey Duncan Jones born, Buffalo, NY.
June 5, 1971 Mark Robert Wahlberg born in Dorchester, Massachusetts at St. Margaret's hospital.
January 30, 1958 Brett Butler born, Montgomery AL.
March 24, 1930 Terence Steve McQueen born, Beech Grove IN.
December 18, 1966 Kiefer Sutherland born to actress Shirley Douglas and actor Donald Sutherland, London.
May 17, 1936 Born, Dodge City, KS.
August 17, 1960 Sean Penn born, Burbank, CA.
April 22, 1937 John Joseph Nicholson born, Neptune NJ.
September 18, 1933 Mickey Gubitosi born, Nutley NJ.
April 4, 1965 Robert Downey Jr. born in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, NY.
December 29, 1947 Edward Bridge Danson III born, San Diego, CA.
May 24, 1945 Priscilla Presley born, Brooklyn.
March 12, 1953 Ron Jeremy Hyatt born, Queens NY.
August 17, 1907 Father, Gustav Schwarzenegger, born.
July 30, 1947 Arnold Schwarzenegger born in Thal, Austria.
April 3, 1924 Marlon Brando born, Omaha NE.
May 21, 1952 Lawrence Tureaud born, southside Chicago.
February 18, 1954 John Travolta born, Englewood NJ. He is the youngest of six children of Salvatore and Helen Travolta.
Graham Chapman (January 8, 1941 - October 4, 1989)
June 13, 1953 Born Timothy Allen Dick, Denver CO.
July 25, 1982 Brad Renfro born, Knoxville TN.
August 16, 1969 Born, New York City.
24 Mar 1887 Roscoe Conkling "Fatty" Arbuckle born, Smith Center KS.
August 23, 1970 River Jude Bottom born 12:03pm to John Bottom and Arlyn Dunetz, Madras, OR.
June 20, 1909 Errol Leslie Thompson Flynn born, Hobart, Tasmania.
Phil Hartman (September 24, 1948 - May 28, 1998)
Traci Lords (May 7 1968 - )
August 8, 1944 John Curtis Estes born on the kitchen table, Ashville, Pickaway County OH.
September 2, 1964 Born in Beirut, Lebanon.
April 25, 1940 Al Pacino born, East Harlem, New York City.
September 9, 1960 Hugh John Mungo Grant born, London.
February 6, 1917 Zsa Zsa Gabor born, Budapest Hungary. Though some sources say 1918, 1919, or 1920.
December 21, 1937 Jane Seymour Fonda born.
June 1, 1926 Norma Jeane Mortensen born, Los Angeles General Hospital, to Gladys Baker and unknown father.
September 19, 1913 Frances Farmer born, Seattle WA.
January 10, 1949 Linda Boreman (aka Linda Lovelace) born in the Bronx, New York.
August 27, 1952 Paul Reubenfield born, Peekskill, NY.
October 12, 1968 Adam Rich born.
August 13, 1959 Danny Bonaduce born.
Mike Lookinland (December 19,1960–)
February 8, 1968 Gary Coleman is born in Zion, Illinois.
May 27, 1965 Todd Bridges born, San Francisco, CA.
August 17, 1969 Donald Edmund Wahlberg born, Dorchester MA.
July 22, 1940 George Clinton born, Kannapolis NC.
January 6, 1946 Syd Barrett born to Arthur Max Barrett and Winefred Flack-Barrett, Cambridge England.
January 8, 1947 David Robert Jones born, 40 Stansfield Road, Brixton, London.
August 14, 1941 David Van Cortland born, Los Angeles CA. Son of cinematographer Floyd Crosby.
April 19, 1965 Marion "Suge" Knight born, Compton, CA.
March 20, 1936 Glen Campbell born one of twelve children, Billstown AR.
January 19, 1943 Janis Lyn Joplin born to Seth and Dorothy Joplin, Port Arthur TX.
December 31, 1943 Henry John Deutschendorf Jr. born in Roswell, New Mexico.
November 27, 1942 Johnny Allen Hendrix born at 10:15 am, King County Hospital, Washington.
November 4, 1969 Sean John Combs born, Harlem NY.
December 2, 1981 Britney Jean Spears born, Kentwood, LA.
May 30, 1964 Wynonna Judd born at 8:52 am, Ashland KY.
May 28, 1949 Wendy Orlean Williams born, Rochester NY.
May 3, 1903 Harry Lillis Crosby born, Tacoma WA.
August 16, 1958 Madonna Louise Veronica Ciccone born, Bay City, Michigan.
31 Oct 1968 Robert Van Winkle born to Beth Mino, Miami Lakes FL.
May 20, 1946 Born as Cherilyn Sarkasian La Piere in El Centro, California.
February 26, 1932 J.R. Cash is born in Kingsland, Arkansas.
3 Dec 1948 John Michael Osbourne is born in Aston, outside Birmingham, England.
April 3, 1942 Wayne Newton born, Roanoke VA.
April 12, 1933 Herbert Butros Khaury born, New York City.
September 29, 1935 Jerry Lee Lewis born, Turtle Lake, Calhoun Plantation, near Ferriday LA.
May 3, 1933 James Brown born, Barnwell, SC.
October 20, 1972 Calvin Broadus born, Long Beach CA.
May 8, 1911 Robert Johnson born, Hazelhurst Mississippi.
May 21, 1973 Christopher G. Wallace born, Brooklyn NY.
May 8, 1944 Paul Francis Gadd born, Banbury, Oxfordshire England.
May 16, 1919 Wladziu Valentino Liberace, West Allis, WI.
December 8, 1925 Sammy Davis, Jr. born to Sam Davis (dancer) and Elvera Sanchez (Puerto Rican chorus girl), Harlem NY.
February 20, 1967 Kurt Cobain born, Hoquaim WA.
January 8, 1935 Born in Tupelo, Mississippi. Twin brother Garon Presley is stillborn.
December 12, 1915 Francis Albert Sinatra born, Hoboken NJ.
January 8, 1969 Born as Robert Kelly, Chicago IL.
August 29, 1958 Born Michael Joseph Jackson, Gary IN.
July 9, 1964 Love Michelle Harrison born, to Linda Risi and Hank Harrsion (Grateful Dead roadie), San Francisco, CA.
May 10, 1957 John Simon Ritchie born, London, England.
January 31, 1956 John Lydon born.
February 4, 1948 Vincent Damon Furnier born, Detroit MI.
June 16, 1971 Lesane Parish Crooks born, Brooklyn NY.
October 5, 1902 Ray Arthur Kroc born in Oak Park, Illinois.
April 13, 1920 Roberto Calvi born.
Nathan Mayer Rothschild * Born 16 Sep 1777.

12 Aug 1930 George Soros born, Budapest Hungary.
21 May 1898 Armand Hammer born to Julius Hammer and Rose Lipshitz Hammer, Manhattan. Armand is named after the hammer and sickle, symbol of the Socialist movement.
January 15, 1906 Aristotle Socrates Onassis born, Smyrna (Izmir), Turkey.
6 Sep 1888 Joseph P. Kennedy born, Boston MA.
22 Jul 1890 Rose Fitzgerald born, Boston MA.
6 Sep 1888 Joseph P. Kennedy born, Boston MA.
22 Jul 1890 Rose Fitzgerald born, Boston MA.
June 1, 1912 Graduates Harvard University.
October 7, 1914 Marries the daughter of Boston's mayor, Rose Fitzgerald.
July 1, 1915 First son Joseph Patrick Kennedy Jr. born.
March 31, 1905 Assistant manager, Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation.
May 29, 1917 Son John F. Kennedy born, Brookline MA.
September 1, 1918 Retarded daughter Rosemary born, Boston MA.
April 3, 1905 Daughter Kathleen born, Boston MA.
July 10, 1921 Daughter Eunice Mary born, Boston MA.
May 6, 1924 Daughter Patricia born, Boston MA.
November 20, 1924 Son Robert F. Kennedy born, Boston MA.
February 1, 1928 Daughter Jean Anne born, Boston MA.
August 3, 1941 Martha Helen Kostyra born, Jersey City, NJ, 1:33 pm.
September 24, 1905 Howard Robard Hughes, Jr. actually born, Humble TX.
8 May 1824 William Walker born, Tennessee.
10 Nov 1404 Gilles de Rais born, Machecoul, Brittany.
December 17, 1930 Robert Charles Guccione born, Brooklyn NY.
April 9, 1926 Hugh Marston Hefner born to Grace and Glenn Hefner, Chicago IL.
January 10, 1936 Al Goldstein born, New York City.
November 1, 1942 Larry Flynt born, Lakeville KY.
2 Jun 1740 Sade is born in Palais de Condé, Paris.
July 15, 1951 James George Janos born, Minneapolis, MN.
April 29, 1951 Dale Earnhardt born, Kannapolis NC.
March 25, 1918 Howard William Cohen born, Winston-Salem NC.
August 23, 1978 Kobe Bryant born, Philadelphia PA. He is named after a steak (his parents spotted the name on a menu, which actually refers to a city in Japan), and is the son of NBA basketball player Joe "Jellybean" Bryant.
November 12, 1970 Tonya Harding born, Portland OR.
February 20, 1963 Charles Barkley born, Leeds, AL.
June 12, 1941 Marvin Philip "Marv" Albert born.
March 12, 1962 Darryl Strawberry born, Los Angeles CA.
December 6, 1932 Don King born.
June 30, 1966 Mike Tyson born, Brooklyn NY, to Lorna Tyson and Jimmy Kirkpatrick.
October 8, 1941 Jesse Louis Burns born.
September 24, 1902 Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini is born in Khomein, Iran.
November 13, 1929 Fred Phelps born, Meridian, Mississippi.
March 22, 1930 Pat Robertson born, Lexington VA.
March 15, 1935 Jimmy Swaggart born, Farriday LA.
January 2, 1939 Born as James Orsen in Muskegon, Michigan.
August 11, 1933 Jerry Falwell born, Lynchburg VA
February 2, 1905 Alissa Zinovievna Rosenbaum born, St. Petersburg, Russia.
September 8, 1922 Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche, Jr. born in Rochester, New Hampshire.
11 Apr 1930 Howard Stanton Levey born in Cook County, Illinois.
March 29, 1900 Brother, Dimitri von Mohrenschildt born. (Sometimes given as 1902.)
April 17, 1911 George de Mohrenschildt born, Mozyr, czarist Russia (perhaps now in Poland.)
March 13, 1917 Clay Lavergne Shaw born to Glaris and Alice Shaw, Kentwood LA.
March 18, 1918 David Ferrie born, Cleveland OH.
December 20, 1946 Uri Geller born.
July 29, 1907 Melvin Belli born.
December 30, 1965 Heidi Fleiss born.
September 19, 1934 Brian Epstein born to Harry and Malka Epstein, 4 Rodney Street, Liverpool England.
April 2, 1965 Rodney King born, Sacramento CA.
7 Aug 1876 Margaretha Geertruida Zelle born to a Dutch businessman and Javanese mother, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.
July 2, 1929 Imelda Romualdez Marcos born, Manila.
3 May 1469 Niccolo Machiavelli born.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (Aug. 28, 1749 - Mar. 22, 1832)
June 19, 1947 Salman Rushdie born, Bombay India.
February 5, 1914 William Seward Burroughs born, St. Louis, MO.
March 22, 1922 Jack Kerouac born, Lowell, Massachusetts.
April 29, 1952 David Icke born.
30 Nov 1835 Samuel Langhorne Clemens born, Florida MO.
12 Mar 1863 Gabriele D'Annunzio born, Pescara, Italy.
23 Apr 1564 William Shakespeare born, Stratford-upon-Avon. The traditional "April 23" part is a guess.
31 Aug 12AD Caligula born.
April 21, 1926 Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor born to King George VI and Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon, London England.
July 1, 1961 Lady Diana Francis Spencer born, to 8th Earl Spencer.
November 14, 1948 Charles Philip Arthur George Windsor born to Queen Elizabeth II, Buckingham Palace London. 7 lbs, 6 oz.
28 Jun 1491 Henry VIII born.
Joshua Abraham Norton (February 14, 1819 - January 8, 1880)